Tin is rapidly gaining attention as a crucial material in a range of emerging technologies, particularly in the energy sector. Recent research highlights tin’s role in advancing sodium-ion batteries (SIBs), where tin-based anode materials have demonstrated the ability to significantly improve volumetric energy density—a critical factor in making SIBs competitive with established lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). Tin’s high theoretical capacity, recyclability, and abundance make it an attractive, sustainable alternative for energy storage applications.
Innovative approaches, such as nanostructured tin and hard carbon–tin nano-composites, have further enhanced battery stability and performance. These materials not only address the issue of volume expansion during cycling but also act as catalysts that improve the crystallization of surrounding hard carbon, resulting in batteries with higher energy density and longer cycle life. A hard carbon–tin nano-composite anode has demonstrated stable operation over 1,500 cycles and fast-charging capability, marking a milestone for both lithium-ion and sodium-ion battery technologies.
Tin’s impact extends beyond batteries. In solar technology, tin is being used to replace lead in perovskite solar cells, offering a less toxic and more environmentally friendly alternative. While tin-based perovskite cells have faced challenges with oxidation and durability, researchers are developing new structures—such as Ruddlesden-Popper tin-based perovskites—to improve performance and longevity. The introduction of large organic cations into tin perovskite crystals has been shown to enhance the stability and efficiency of these next-generation solar cells.
In environmental applications, tin is also being explored for water treatment and carbon capture. Tin-based compounds are used to remove contaminants in water treatment processes, while tin-modified catalysts have shown promise in improving the efficiency of CO₂ capture and conversion systems.
As industries and governments push for more sustainable solutions, the demand for tin is expected to rise across these high-tech sectors. Its versatility and effectiveness position tin as a foundational material for the green economy and technological innovation.
